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\u3010\u70cf\u514b\u862d2000\u5e74\u53f2\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5167\u5bb9\u7c21\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4f5c\u8005\u7c21\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[\u7f8e]\u6d66\u6d1b\u57fa\uff08Serhii Plokhy\uff09<\/p>\n

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\u76ee\u9304<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u7b2c15\u7ae0\u3000\u591a\u5b54\u7684\u570b\u754c<\/p>\n

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\u81f4\u3000\u8b1d<\/p>\n

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\u9644\u9304B\u3000\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u4e3b\u8981\u6b77\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u8868<\/p>\n

\u8853\u8a9e\u8868<\/p>\n

\u5ef6\u4f38\u95b1\u8b80<\/p>\n

———————————————<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5167\u5bb9\u7c21\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

20\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\uff0c\u539f\u4f86\u6ce2\u862d-\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u738b\u570b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u5340\u5df2\u7d93\u5206\u88c2\u70ba\u56db\u500b\u4ee5\u6c11\u65cf\u547d\u540d\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\uff1a\u6ce2\u862d\u3001\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u3001\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u548c\u767d\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c11\u65cf\u89c0\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u6f14\u8b8a\u70ba\u56db\u7a2e\u73fe\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u89c0\u5ff5\uff1f<\/p>\n

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\u66f4\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u70ba\u6709\u95dc\u901a\u5f80\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u8def\u5f91\u7684\u7d42*\u554f\u984c\u5c0b\u627e\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u9019\u689d\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u82e6\u75db\u7d93\u9a57\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\u7c21\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8482\u83ab\u897f\u00b7\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\uff08Timothy Snyder\uff0c1969\u2014\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7576\u4eca\u7f8e\u570b\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u73fe\u70ba\u8036\u9b6f\u5927\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u3001\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b78\u5b78\u9662\u7d42\u8eab\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u6771\u6b50\u53f2\u3002\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u4e5f\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u7d00\u5ff5\u535a\u7269\u9928\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6210\u54e1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u64b0\u6709\u591a\u90e8\u5099\u53d7\u7a31\u8b7d\u7684\u53f2\u5b78\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u9ed1\u6697\u4e16\u754c\uff1a\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u8b66\u793a\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u300b\u300a\u4e00\u5e45\u79d8\u5bc6\u6230\u722d\u7684\u7d20\u63cf\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u89e3\u653e\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u7684\u6ce2\u862d\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u300b\u300a\u7d05\u738b\u5b50\uff1a\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5927\u516c\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u8457\u540d\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6258\u5c3c?\u6731\u7279\u5728\u5f4c\u7559\u4e4b\u969b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\u300a\u601d\u616e20\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\u3002\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u827e\u9ed8\u751f\u4eba\u6587\u734e\u3001\u6f22\u5a1c?\u963f\u502b\u7279\u734e\u7b49\u5728\u5167\u768412\u9805\u5927\u734e\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u9084\u662f\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u6b50\u6d32\u6b77\u53f2\u671f\u520a\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6771\u6b50\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u6703\u300b\u7684\u7de8\u59d4\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u6587\u7ae0\u5e38\u5e38\u898b\u8af8\u300a\u7d10\u7d04\u66f8\u8a55\u300b\u300a\u5916\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52d9\u300b\u300a\u65b0\u5171\u548c\u300b\u300a\u7d10\u7d04\u6642\u5831\u300b\u300a\u83ef\u723e\u8857\u65e5\u5831\u300b\u7b49\u5a92\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8b6f\u8005\u7c21\u4ecb<\/p>\n

\u6f58\u5922\u7426\uff0c\u7562\u696d\u65bc\u5fa9\u65e6\u5927\u5b78\u570b\u653f\u7cfb\uff0c\u73fe\u70ba\u7de8\u8f2f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u76ee\u9304<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u540d\u5b57\u8207\u4f86\u6e90<\/p>\n

\u5730\u540d\u8868<\/p>\n

\u5730 \u5716<\/p>\n

\u7e2e \u5beb<\/p>\n

\u6a94 \u6848<\/p>\n

\u5c0e \u8ad6<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e28\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u548c\u767d\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u7684\u7956\u570b\u4e4b\u722d<\/p>\n

\u7b2c1\u7ae0 \u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u5927\u516c\u570b\uff081569\u20141863\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c2\u7ae0 \u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\uff01\u6211\u7684\u7956\u570b\uff01 \uff081863\u20141914\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c3\u7ae0 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u8207\u7dad\u723e\u7d0d\u65af\u4e4b\u554f\uff081914\u20141939\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c4\u7ae0 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u8207\u7dad\u723e\u7d10\u65af\u4e4b\u554f\uff081939\u20141945\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c5\u7ae0 \u5c3e\u8072\uff1a\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u7684\u7dad\u723e\u7d10\u65af\uff081945\u20141991\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u4e28\u5371\u6a5f\u56db\u4f0f\u7684\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u908a\u5883<\/p>\n

\u7b2c6\u7ae0 \u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u70cf\u514b\u862d\uff081569\u20141914\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c7\u7ae0 \u52a0\u5229\u897f\u4e9e\u548c\u6c83\u91cc\u5c3c\u4e9e\u7684\u908a\u7de3\uff081914\u20141939\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c8\u7ae0 \u70cf\u514b\u862d\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u6e05\u6d17\uff081939\u20141945\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c9\u7ae0 \u6ce2\u862d\u6771\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u6e05\u6d17\uff081945\u20141947\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c10\u7ae0 \u5c3e\u8072\uff1a\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u88ab\u6e05\u9664\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\uff081947\u20141981\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u4e28\u91cd\u5efa\u6ce2\u862d\u7956\u570b<\/p>\n

\u7b2c11\u7ae0 \u611b\u570b\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\uff081945\u20141989\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c12\u7ae0 \u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\uff081989\u20141991\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c13\u7ae0 \u6b50\u6d32\u6a19\u6e96\u548c\u6ce2\u862d\u5229\u76ca\uff081992\u20141993\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c14\u7ae0 \u5c3e\u8072\uff1a\u56de\u5230\u6b50\u6d32<\/p>\n

\u6ce8 \u91cb<\/p>\n

\u81f4 \u8b1d<\/p>\n

\u7d22 \u5f15<\/p>\n

——————————————–<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3010\u65b0\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u3011<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5167\u5bb9\u7c21\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300a\u5be1\u982d\uff1a\u65b0\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u8a18\u9304\u4e86\u5f8c\u8607\u806f\u6642\u4ee3\u65b0\u5bcc\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f9e1985\u5e74\u6208\u723e\u5df4\u55ac\u592b\u6539\u9769\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u666e\u4eac\u4e0a\u53f0\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5e7e\u500b*\u70ba\u77da\u76ee\u7684\u5be1\u982d\u5f15\u9818\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u96aa\u5cfb\u8a66\u9a57\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f9e\u6b0a\u529b\u63a8\u624b\u5225\u5217\u4f50\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u3001\u5a92\u9ad4\u5927\u738b\u53e4\u8f9b\u65af\u57fa\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u5927\u4ea8\u970d\u591a\u723e\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u3001\u9280\u884c\u5de8\u982d\u65af\u83ab\u502b\u65af\u57fa\u3001\u9752\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u4e18\u62dc\u65af\u5230\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5e02\u9577\u76e7\u65e5\u79d1\u592b\u2026\u2026\u9019\u4e9b\u5be1\u982d\u5316\u8eab\u65b0\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5efa\u7bc9\u5bb6\u548c\u9f13\u5439\u8005\uff0c\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u64cd\u7e31\u820a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u63a8\u52d5\u4e86\u8ca1\u5bcc\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u806f\u59fb\u3002\u5728\u5be1\u982d\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8d70\u5411*\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6cb9\u6c23\u3001\u96fb\u529b\u3001\u51b6\u91d1\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u696d\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63a7\u5236\u8457\u5a92\u9ad4\uff0c\u64cd\u7e31\u8457\u8f3f\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6642\u4efb\u300a\u83ef\u76db\u9813\u90f5\u5831\u300b\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u8a18\u8005\u7ad9\u7ad9\u9577\u7684\u6234\u7dad?\u970d\u592b\u66fc\u89aa\u8eab\u898b\u8b49\u4e86\u9019\u6bb5\u6ce2\u8a6d\u96f2\u8b4e\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u4ed6\u53c3\u8003\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u65b0\u805e\u5831\u5c0e\u3001\u6b77\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u548c\u7d00\u5be6\u6587\u737b\u4e26\u8207\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u591a\u6b21\u9762\u8ac7\uff0c\u5c07\u65b0\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u67b6\u69cb\u548c\u5be1\u982d\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u95dc\u4fc2\u689d\u5206\u7e37\u6790\uff0c\u751f\u52d5\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u8b1b\u8ff0\u4e86\u80cc\u5f8c\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\u7c21\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6234\u7dad?\u970d\u592b\u66fc\uff08David E. Hoffman\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3001\u8a18\u8005\u3002 1982\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u300a\u83ef\u76db\u9813\u90f5\u5831\u300b\uff0c\u5728\u88e1\u6839\u53ca\u8001\u5e03\u4ec0\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u5167\u5831\u5c0e\u767d\u5bae\u65b0\u805e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u8607\u9996\u8166\u5cf0\u6703\uff1b\u96a8\u5f8c\u8ca0\u8cac\u570b\u5916\u65b0\u805e\uff0c1992\u5e74\u51fa\u4efb\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u8a18\u8005\u7ad9\u7ad9\u9577\uff1b\u65bc\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u5b78\u7fd2\u4fc4\u8a9e\u5f8c\u6d3e\u99d0\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\uff0c1995\u5e74\u81f32001\u5e74\u9593\u51fa\u4efb\u300a\u83ef\u76db\u9813\u90f5\u5831\u300b\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u8a18\u8005\u7ad9\u7ad9\u9577\uff1b\u73fe\u70ba\u300a\u83ef\u76db\u9813\u90f5\u5831\u300b\u7279\u7d04\u7de8\u8f2f\u3002<\/p>\n

2002\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u66f8\u300a\u5be1\u982d\uff1a\u65b0\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u88ab\u8b7d\u70ba\u7d42\u7d50\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff1b2010\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e4b\u624b\uff1a\u8d85\u7d1a\u5927\u570b\u51b7\u6230\u8ecd\u5099\u7af6\u8cfd\u53ca\u8607\u806f\u89e3\u9ad4\u5f8c\u7684\u6838\u751f\u5316\u6b66\u5668\u5931\u63a7\u5371\u5c40\u300b\u7372\u7f8e\u570b\u666e\u5229\u7b56\u975e\u865b\u69cb\u4f5c\u54c1\u734e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u76ee\u9304<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5f15\u5b50 \uff5c 1<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8<\/p>\n

\u7ae0 \u7070\u8272\u8207\u77ed\u7f3a \uff5c 11<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u4e9e\u6b77\u5c71\u5927?\u65af\u83ab\u502b\u65af\u57fa \uff5c 30<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u5c24\u91cc?\u76e7\u65e5\u79d1\u592b \uff5c 51<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u963f\u7d0d\u6258\u5229?\u4e18\u62dc\u65af \uff5c 74<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0 \u7c73\u54c8\u4f0a\u723e?\u970d\u591a\u723e\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa \uff5c 96<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 \u9b91\u91cc\u65af?\u5225\u5217\u4f50\u592b\u65af\u57fa \uff5c 122<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 \u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u723e?\u53e4\u8f9b\u65af\u57fa \uff5c 145<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0 \u5bf6\u5eab\u89e3\u9396 \uff5c 173<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u8f15\u9b06\u8cfa\u9322 \uff5c 204<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0 \u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u91cd\u5efa\u8005 \uff5c 231<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u96c0\u5c71\u4ff1\u6a02\u90e8 \uff5c 263<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u8ca1\u5bcc\u64c1\u62b1\u6b0a\u529b \uff5c 287<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u62ef\u6551\u9b91\u91cc\u65af?\u8449\u5229\u6b3d \uff5c 314<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u9280\u884c\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6230 \uff5c 352<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0 \u5de8\u9f8d\u4e4b\u541f \uff5c 384<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7ae0 \u9435\u8155\u8207\u9280\u5f48 \uff5c 429<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5c3e\u8072 \uff5c 476<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2003\u5e74\u7248\u5f8c\u8a18 \uff5c 478<\/p>\n

\u9644\u9304\uff1a 2011\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u73fe\u72c0 \uff5c 485<\/p>\n

\u8a3b\u91cb \uff5c 486<\/p>\n

\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b\uff5c 558<\/p>\n

\u81f4\u8b1d \uff5c 568<\/p>\n

\u524d\u8a00<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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